Incandescent lights illuminate the 20th century, while LED lights will illuminate the 21st century
With the advantages of energy saving and environmental protection, LED has become the main trend in the development of lighting industry. Because the technology and product properties of LED are quite different from those of traditional lamps, the current safety standards for general lamps are obviously not applicable. In order to help the industry to face up to this issue, this issue will explain the technology used in LED lamps, the scope of possible application, and the safety assessment used by UL.
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LED lamp is an electroluminescent semiconductor material chip, cured to the bracket with silver glue or white glue, and then connected to the chip and circuit board with silver wire or gold wire, and sealed with epoxy resin around to protect the internal core wire. Finally, the shell is installed, so the anti-seismic performance of LED lamp is good.
LED (light emitting diode) is a solid-state semiconductor device which can convert electric energy into visible light. It can directly convert electricity into light. The heart of LED is a semiconductor chip. One end of the chip is attached to a bracket, one end is the negative pole, and the other end is connected to the positive pole of the power supply, so that the whole chip is encapsulated by epoxy resin.
Semiconductor chip is composed of two parts, one is p-type semiconductor, in which the hole is dominant, the other is n-type semiconductor, in which the electron is dominant. But when the two semiconductors are connected, a p-n junction is formed between them. When the current acts on the chip through the wire, the electrons will be pushed to the p region. In the p region, the electrons and holes compound, and then emit energy in the form of photons. This is the principle of LED light. The wavelength of light, that is, the color of light, is determined by the material that forms the p-n junction.
LED can directly emit red, yellow, blue, green, green, orange, purple, white light.
At first, led was used as the indicator light source of instruments and meters. Later, led with various light colors was widely used in traffic signal lights and large area display screens, resulting in good economic and social benefits. Take the 12 inch red traffic light as an example. In the United States, a 140 watt incandescent lamp with long life and low luminous efficiency was originally used as the light source. It produces 2000 lumens of white light. After passing through the red filter, the light loss is 90%, leaving only 200 lumens of red light. Among the newly designed lamps, Lumileds uses 18 red LED light sources, including circuit loss, which consumes 14 watts of power to produce the same luminous effect. Automobile signal lamp is also an important field of LED light source application.
For general lighting, people need more white light source. In 1998, white LED was successfully developed. The LED is made of Gan chips and yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) packaged together. The Gan chip emits blue light (λ P = 465nm, WD = 30nm), and the YAG phosphor containing Ce3 + sintered at high temperature emits yellow light after excited by the blue light, with a peak value of 550nm. The blue LED substrate is mounted in a bowl shaped reflecting cavity and covered with a thin layer of resin mixed with YAG, about 200-500nm. Part of the blue light emitted by LED substrate is absorbed by the phosphor, and the other part is mixed with the yellow light emitted by the phosphor to get white light.
For InGaN / YAG white LEDs, by changing the chemical composition of YAG phosphor and adjusting the thickness of phosphor layer, white light with color temperature of 3500-10000k can be obtained. This method of getting white light through blue LED has the advantages of simple structure, low cost and high technology maturity, so it is most widely used.
A typical high flux LED device can produce several lumens to tens of lumens of luminous flux. The updated design can integrate more LEDs in one device, or install multiple devices in a single assembly, so that the output lumen number is equivalent to that of a small incandescent lamp. For example, a high-power 12 chip monochrome LED device can output 200 LM of light energy, and the power consumption is between 10 and 15 W.
The application of LED light source is very flexible, and it can be made into light and short products of point, line and surface in various forms; the control of LED is very important, so long as the current is adjusted, the light can be adjusted at will; the combination of different light colors is changeable, and the use of timing control circuit can achieve rich and colorful dynamic change effect. LED has been widely used in a variety of lighting devices, such as battery powered flash lights, micro voice control lights, safety lights, outdoor road and indoor stair lights, and continuous lighting for buildings and signs.
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The appearance of white LED is a substantial step from the identification function to the lighting function. White LED is the closest to sunlight, which can better reflect the real color of the irradiated object. Therefore, from a technical point of view, white LED is undoubtedly the most cutting-edge technology of LED. White LED has begun to enter some application fields, emergency lights, flashlights and other products have come out, but because the price is very expensive, it is difficult to popularize. The premise of the popularity of white LED is the price drop, and the price drop is only possible after the white LED has formed a certain market scale. The integration of the two ultimately depends on technological progress.
difference
Ordinary fluorescent lamp
There is a filament at both ends of the fluorescent lamp. The tube is filled with a trace of argon and thin mercury vapor. The inner wall of the tube is coated with fluorescent powder. When the gas between the two filaments conducts electricity, it emits ultraviolet light, making the fluorescent powder emit soft visible light.
Working characteristics of fluorescent lamp: when the lamp starts to light, it needs a high voltage. When the lamp lights normally, only a small current is allowed. At this time, the voltage at both ends of the lamp is lower than the power supply voltage.
LED fluorescent lamp
LED fluorescent lamp is characterized by high quality, durability and energy saving. It has a wide range of projection angle adjustment. The brightness of 15W is equivalent to that of ordinary 40W fluorescent lamp. High temperature resistance, moisture-proof, waterproof, anti leakage. Voltage: 110V, 220V optional, optional glass or PC cover material. The lamp cap is the same as ordinary fluorescent lamp.
LED fluorescent lamp adopts the latest LED light source technology and digital appearance design, which can save more than 70% of power. 12W LED fluorescent lamp is equivalent to 40W fluorescent lamp tube (used for ballast and starter, the real power consumption of 36W fluorescent lamp is 42W to 44w). The service life of LED fluorescent lamp is more than 10 times of that of ordinary lamp. It is almost maintenance free and there is no need to change lamp, ballast and starter frequently. Green environmental protection semiconductor light source, soft light, pure spectrum, conducive to the user’s vision protection and health. The 6000K cold light source gives people a cool feeling in vision, and the humanized illumination difference design helps to concentrate and improve efficiency.
Compared with ordinary fluorescent lamp, LED fluorescent lamp has the following advantages:
1. Energy saving. 2. Long life of LED lamp. 3. Good applicability. Because of the small size of a single LED, it can be made into any shape. 4. The response time is short, which is ns (nanosecond) level response time, while ordinary lamps are MS (millisecond) level response time. 5, environmental protection, no harmful metals, waste is easy to recycle. 6. Brilliant color, pure luminous color, narrow spectral range, and can be mixed into seven colors or white light by red, green and blue.
Disadvantages: 1, the price is expensive. 2. There is a big gap between the optical efficiency that can be achieved generally and the theoretical optical efficiency. 3. There is a big gap between the theoretical life (10W hours) and the achievable life. 4. There is still a certain amount of heat. 5. The light attenuation can also be greatly reduced.
However, these shortcomings can be overcome through the improvement of the process, so even if the LED light source can not completely replace the existing traditional light source, but with the development of technology, it must be led in the future.
Application in advertising
In the application of advertisement, big characters are mainly used. Most of them add small light source for big character to increase the display effect.
Energy saving characteristics
1. High luminous efficiency of LED light source
Comparison of luminous efficiency: incandescent lamp efficiency is 10-15lm, halogen lamp efficiency is 12-24 lumen / W, fluorescent lamp efficiency is 50-90 lumen / W, sodium lamp efficiency is 90-140 lumen / W, most of the power consumption becomes heat loss.
LED luminous efficiency: it can emit 50-200 lumen / W, and has good monochromaticity, narrow spectrum, and can directly emit colored visible light without filtering.
2. Low power consumption of LED light source
LED single tube power 0.03-0.06w, DC drive, single tube drive voltage 1.5-3.5v. With a current of 15-18 Ma, it has fast response speed and can be operated at high frequency. Under the same lighting effect, the power consumption is one tenth of that of incandescent lamp and one half of that of fluorescent tube. It is estimated that if led with twice higher luminous efficiency than fluorescent lamp is used to replace half of incandescent lamp and fluorescent lamp in Japan, it can save 6 billion liters of crude oil every year, and a fluorescent lamp with the same effect is more than 40 watts, The power of each LED is only 18 watts.
3. Long service life of LED light source
Incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp and tungsten halogen lamp are characterized by electronic light field radiation, filament light-emitting, easy burning, heat deposition and light attenuation, while LED lamp is small in volume, light in weight, epoxy resin packaging, which can withstand high-strength mechanical shock and vibration, and is not easy to break, with an average service life of 30000-50000 hours and a service life of 3-5 years, which can greatly reduce the maintenance cost of lamps and avoid damage The pain of changing the lights often.
4. Strong safety and reliability
Low calorific value, no thermal radiation, cold light source, safe touch, accurate control of light type and luminous angle, light color, no glare, no mercury, sodium and other substances that may endanger health.
5. LED light source is good for environmental protection
LED is a solid-state light-emitting body, impact resistant and not easy to break, recyclable waste, no pollution, reducing a large number of harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen compounds and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, improving people’s living environment, which can be called “green lighting source”
At present, there are three kinds of white LED production technologies: one is to use the principle of three primary colors and the three ultra-high brightness LEDs (red, green and blue) that can be produced to form white according to the light intensity ratio of 3:1:6; the other is to use the ultra-high InGaN Blue LED with a little yttrium diamond garnet as the main phosphor, which can produce yellow green light under the excitation of blue light, and the yellow green light can combine with the blue light White light, three kinds of UV LED can not be made, using UV excitation three primary color phosphor or other phosphors, produce multi-color mixed white light.
6. LED light source is more energy-saving
Of course, energy saving is the most important reason for us to consider using LED. Maybe LED is more expensive than traditional light source, but one year’s energy saving can recover the investment of light source, so as to obtain several times of energy saving net cover period in 4-9 years.
life
Constant current source drive is the best way to drive LED. Constant current source drive is used instead of series current limiting resistor in the output circuit. The current flowing through LED is not affected by the change of external power supply voltage, ambient temperature, and led parameter discreteness. Therefore, constant current can be maintained and various excellent characteristics of LED can be brought into full play.
The LED constant current power supply is used to supply power to LED lamps. Because the current flowing through the LED will be automatically detected and controlled during the working period of the power supply, there is no need to worry about the high current flowing through the LED at the moment of power on, and there is no need to worry about the load short circuit burning the power supply.
Lamp housing
LED lamp has the characteristics of high efficiency, environmental protection and long life. But people who often use LED lights will find that due to the high brightness of LED, it is easy to turn light energy into heat energy, which makes LED lights very hot. At this time, if the LED can not heat as soon as possible, its life will be greatly reduced.
Many LED manufacturers use aluminum shell for LED lamps. Aluminum shell is easy to heat, beautiful appearance, light weight, many high-end electronic products use aluminum shell. For example, the company’s laptop “Mac Pro” high-end computer series products use all aluminum shell, which is easy to heat the laptop, so that the computer does not even need to install a fan.
The aluminum shell of LED can increase the life of the wick and make the LED look beautiful. But the cost of aluminum lamp cup is relatively expensive, the production cost is very high, and the lamp cup needs to be processed by lathe. Therefore, some high-quality, medium quality LED lights will use aluminum lamp shell.
Another common LED lamp shell is plastic shell. Due to the low cost of plastic shell, some low-end LED lamps will use plastic shell. However, the plastic shell is not easy to dissipate heat, and the plastic is easy to melt and sublimate when it is heated to produce harmful gases. Therefore, Europe, North America and Japan do not use plastic shell. Due to the large quantity demand of cheap LED lamps in some areas of China, the sales volume of plastic shell in China is very large.
Household lamp
Many LED lamps can replace spiral incandescent lamps or energy-saving bulbs, from 5-40 watts, low-power incandescent lamps to 60 watts (only about 7 watts of electricity). As of 2010, some lamps could even replace higher power bulbs. For example, a 13 watt bulb is about as bright as a 100 watt incandescent lamp. (the general luminous efficiency standard is about 14 to 17 lumens / watt, depending on its size and voltage. According to the EU standard, an “energy-saving bulb” equivalent to a 60 watt incandescent lamp must be able to output at least 806 lumens.)
Most of the LED bulbs are designed to be non dimmable, but some of them can be operated with dimmers, and the illumination angle is narrow. Starting in 2010, the price of these bulbs began to fall from $30 to $50. LED bulb is more energy-saving than energy-saving bulb. If the heat dissipation is appropriate, it can last up to 30000 hours. Incandescent lamps generally have a life span of only 1000 hours, and energy-saving bulbs only have a life span of about 8000 hours. Therefore, LED bulbs can be used for about 25 to 30 years, and the luminosity has little attenuation with years and months. The energy star standard stipulates that the luminosity attenuation of the lamp should be within 10% after 6000 hours of use, and the worst should not exceed 15%. Unlike fluorescent lamps, LED bulbs are mercury free. LED bulbs are also available in different colors. Although the price is higher, the electricity and maintenance costs are lower, which can offset each other.
Special purpose
White LED bulbs are highly efficient and have a leading position in low power consumption market (such as flashlight, solar garden lamp, pedestrian street lamp, bicycle lamp, etc.). Monochrome LED lights are often used to make traffic lights and festival lighting.
In 2010, LED lights became a hot topic in the garden arts and agriculture. NASA took the lead in planting LED lights in space, followed by home and commercial indoor gardening. These special planting lamps are specially designed. The light wave is just the wavelength absorbed by chlorophyll, which not only promotes growth, but also reduces the light wave not absorbed by plants, resulting in waste. In the visible spectrum, photosynthesis only needs red and blue, so these lamps are designed with these two colors. Compared with similar products, these LED lamps can provide the same luminosity, do not need ballasts, and generate much less heat than gas discharge lamps, so they are very suitable for indoor planting. Less heat can reduce evapotranspiration and irrigation times. For this reason, the plants should not be over irrigated when using these planting lamps.
Shopping guide
1. Purchase LED lamps with “Three Guarantees” promise and lamps with CCC certification mark;
2. To see whether the product identification of LED lamp is complete, regular products should be identified;
3. Check whether the power line of LED lamp has CCC safety certification mark;
4. Check whether the charged body of the lamp is exposed. After the light source is installed in the lamp holder, fingers should not touch the charged metal lamp cap;
5. See if the LED chip orientation is accurate, lens or screen wear.
Cause of damage
1. The voltage of the current is unstable, and the rise of the power supply voltage is particularly easy to cause the damage of the LED lamp. There are many reasons for the sudden rise of the voltage, such as the quality of the power supply, or the improper use of the user, and so on.
2. The power supply path of the lamp tube is locally short circuited, which is usually caused by the short circuit of a part of the line or other wires, which increases the voltage in this place.
3. It is also possible that the LED is damaged due to its own quality, resulting in a short circuit, and its original voltage drop is transferred to other LEDs.
4. The heat dissipation effect of lamps and lanterns is not good. We all know that the lighting of lamps and lanterns is a process of heat dissipation. If the temperature in lamps and lanterns is too high, it is easy to make the characteristics of LED worse. This is also easy to damage the LED lamp.
5. There may be water in the lamp, because the water is conductive, which will short circuit the circuit of the lamp.
6. When assembling, the anti-static work was not done well, so that the interior of LED has been damaged by static electricity. Although the normal voltage and current are applied, it is also very easy to cause led damage.
Common causes and treatment of LED flashing
Generally, the human eye can sense the flicker of light with a frequency of 70 Hz, but it will not feel the flicker above this frequency. Therefore, in the application of LED lighting, if the frequency of pulse signal is lower than 70 Hz, human eyes will feel flicker. Of course, in specific applications, there are many factors that may cause LED lights to flash. For example, in off-line low-power LED lighting applications, a common power topology is isolated flyback topology. Taking the Green Point & reg; reference design of 8W off-line LED driver that meets the “Energy Star” solid-state lighting standard as an example, the dynamic self powered (DSS) circuit may activate and cause light flicker because the sinusoidal square wave power conversion of flyback regulator does not provide constant energy for the primary bias. In order to avoid this problem, it is necessary to make the primary bias partial discharge in each half cycle. Accordingly, it is necessary to properly select the capacitance and resistance values of the bias circuit.
In addition, EMI filters are required even in LED drive applications that provide excellent power factor correction and support triac dimming. The transient current caused by triac step will excite the natural resonance of inductance and capacitance in EMI filter. If this resonant characteristic causes the input current to fall below the triac maintaining current, the triac will turn off. After a short time delay, the triac will normally turn on again and excite the same resonance. In one and a half cycle of the input power waveform, this series of events may be repeated many times, resulting in visible LED flicker. In order to deal with this problem, a key requirement of triac dimming is that the input capacitance of EMI filter is very low, and this capacitance should be able to be decoupled by triac and winding impedance. According to the formula, if the capacitance in the dimming module is reduced, the resistance of the resonant circuit can be increased. In principle, the oscillation can be suppressed and the desired circuit can be restored.
Safety requirements of LED lamps
With the advantages of energy saving and environmental protection, LED has become the main trend in the development of lighting industry. Because the technology and product properties of LED are quite different from those of traditional lamps, the current safety standards for general lamps are obviously not applicable. In order to help the industry to face up to this issue, this issue will explain the technology used in LED lamps, the scope of possible application, and the safety assessment used by UL.
Technology and characteristics of LED lamps
The so-called LED lamps and lanterns, as the name suggests, refer to the lamps and lanterns products using LED (light-emitting diode) technology as the main technology
White LED lamps
White LED lamps (16 pieces)
The light source to be used. LED is a kind of solid-state semiconductor module, which uses the current to flow to the semiconductor p-n junction coupling, and then the separated negative electrons and positive holes in the semiconductor combine with each other to produce photon emission. Different kinds of LED can emit different wavelengths of light from infrared line to blue light, and from purple light to ultraviolet light. In recent years, the new development is to coat the blue LED with phosphor powder, and turn the blue LED into white LED products. This operation generally needs to be matched with LED driver or power supply. The main function of the driver or power supply is to convert the AC voltage into DC power, and complete the voltage and current corresponding to the LED at the same time, so as to drive the matching components.
LED lamps are small in size, light in weight, and encapsulated in epoxy resin. They can withstand high-strength mechanical shock and vibration, are not easy to break, and have a long brightness decay cycle. Therefore, their service life can reach 50000-100000 hours, far more than 1000 hours of traditional tungsten lamps and 10000 hours of fluorescent tubes. As the service life of LED lamps can reach 5-10 years, it can not only greatly reduce the cost of lamp replacement, but also has the characteristics of driving light with very small current. Under the same lighting effect, the power consumption is only half of that of fluorescent tubes. Therefore, led also has the advantages of power saving and energy saving at the same time. However, some of the technologies of LED are not enough, so the disadvantages of LED lamps include poor light quality (color rendering, consistency, color temperature), difficult heat dissipation, and high price. Improper heat dissipation will lead to the accelerated decay of the brightness of LED lamps and the service life of circuit components. With the rapid development of manufacturing technology, the thermal resistance of LED is gradually reduced, and the light quality is also improving. In 2008, the luminous efficiency of white and cold LED light has reached 100 LM / W, while the luminous efficiency of warm white LED light is expected to increase from 70 LM / w to 100 LM / W in 2010. Compared with other general-purpose light sources, the luminous efficiency of tungsten filament lamp is about 15 LM / W, fluorescent fluorescent lamp is about 45 ~ 60 LM / W, HID lamp is about 120 ~ 150 LM / W, and the luminous efficiency of LED has obvious advantages
Characteristics of lighting mode
White LED has less heat source, wide operating environment, miniaturization, vibration resistance and concentrated beam
Fluorescent lamps save electricity, but the waste is fragile and has mercury pollution
Incandescent tungsten bulb is low efficiency, high power consumption, short life and fragile
Application direction
1. Building exterior lighting
To project a certain area of a building, it is no more than to use round head and square head shape projection lamps to control the beam angle, which is completely consistent with the concept of traditional projection lamps. However, due to the small and thin LED light source, the research and development of linear projection lamps has undoubtedly become a highlight of LED projection lamps, because many buildings have no place to put traditional projection lamps. It is easy to install and can be installed horizontally or vertically. It is better combined with the building surface, which brings new lighting vocabulary for lighting designers and expands the creative space. And it will have an impact on the lighting methods of modern buildings and historical buildings.
2. Landscape lighting
LED lamp application landscape lighting
LED lamp application landscape lighting
Unlike traditional lamps, LED light source is mostly glass bubble shell, which can be well combined with urban street furniture. Lighting can be carried out in the leisure space of the city, such as path, stairs, deck, waterfront and gardening. For flowers or low shrubs, LED can be used as light source for lighting. Led hidden projector will be particularly popular. The fixed end can be designed as plug-in type, which can be adjusted according to the height of plant growth.
3. Identification and indicative lighting
For places requiring space limitation and guidance, such as partition display of road surface, local lighting of stair steps, and emergency exit indication lighting, led self luminous buried lamps with appropriate surface brightness or lamps embedded in vertical walls can be used, such as floor guiding lamps in the auditorium of shadow theater or seat side guiding lamps, and floor guiding lamps in the shopping center. In addition, compared with neon, LED has low voltage, no fragile glass and no additional cost due to bending in production, so it is worth promoting in logo design.
4. In terms of lighting quality, LED light source has no heat, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, which will not cause damage to exhibits or commodities. Compared with traditional light source, lamps do not need additional filter device, and the lighting system is simple, low cost and easy to install. Its essence
Effect picture of LED light
Effect picture of LED light
Accurate light distribution can be used as a substitute for optical fiber lighting in museums. Commercial lighting mostly uses color LED, interior decorative white LED combined with interior decoration to provide auxiliary lighting, hidden light band can use LED, especially for low space.
5. Entertainment and stage lighting
Due to the dynamic and digital control of color, brightness and dimming of LED, lively saturated color can create static and dynamic lighting effect. From white light to any color in the full spectrum, the use of LED opens up a new idea in this kind of space lighting. Compared with 50-250 hours of PAR and metal halide lamps, the maintenance cost and frequency of light source replacement are reduced. In addition, led overcomes the phenomenon of color shift after using metal halide lamp for a period of time. Compared with par lamp, there is no thermal radiation, which can make the space more comfortable. The application of LED color decorative wall in catering building has become a common practice.
6. Video screen
Full color LED display is the most eye-catching outdoor large display device in the world. It adopts advanced digital video processing technology and has incomparable super large area and super high brightness. In addition, the LED lights installed on the screen can also use various specifications of luminous pixels according to different indoor and outdoor environments to achieve different brightness, color and resolution to meet various purposes. It can dynamically display graphic and animation information, and play all kinds of multimedia files by using multimedia technology. The most influential LED display in the world is the New York Stock Exchange in Times Square, Manhattan, with 18677760 LEDs and an area of 10736 square feet. The screen can be divided into multiple pictures and displayed at the same time, showing the market of Wall Street stock market in front of the public at a glance. In addition, Sinian international headquarters, which rises in Lujiazui financial center in Pudong, Shanghai, has a 100 meter long super large LED screen on the facade facing Puxi, with a total area of 3600 square meters. It can be called the first in the world.
7. Vehicle indicator lighting
Used for LED navigation information display of vehicle road traffic. In the field of urban transportation, highway and so on, LED is widely used as a variable indicator and lighting function to replace similar foreign products. Among them, power dispatching, vehicle dynamic tracking, vehicle dispatching management, etc. are gradually using high-density LED display to play the role of indicator lighting.